Every number in the app comes from one of these.

72

sources, backing 106 claims shown in the app. Library version 1.3.1, frozen 2026-10-22.

29 reviews and meta-analyses · 21 cohorts · 11 trials · 8 guidelines · 3 surveys. 5 of them measured snus or pouch users. The rest measured cigarette smokers, and the app says so on every screen that uses them.

No trial has tested a way of quitting pouches. The withdrawal and relapse numbers come from smokers and are labelled as such.

A Cochrane review of 14,133 smokers found that quit apps made no difference (RR 1.00). It is in the list below, and in the app.

Newest first. On a phone, the ten that back the most claims come first. Each row opens the paper. The same records ship inside the app, which cannot cite anything that is not here.

Nicotine pouch use among ex-smokersAl-Otaibi HM, Althobiani MA · Frontiers in Public Health

560 ex-smokers who switched to pouches
used by 1 claim

Nicotine pouch use among US adults, 2023-2024Chang YC, Patrick ME et al. · American Journal of Preventive Medicine

15,340 US adults aged 19 to 65, Monitoring the Future panel
background, not shown in the app

2026Authority page

What to know about quitting ZynTruth Initiative

nicotine pouch users
used by 1 claim

Cardiovascular and metabolic changes following 12 weeks of tobacco and nicotine pouch cessation: a Swedish cohort studyaf Geijerstam P, Joelsson A et al. · Harm Reduction Journal

37 snus and pouch quitters
used by 23 claims

2025Meta-analysis

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and 2-item (GAD-2) scales for detecting anxiety disorders in adultsAktürk Z, Hapfelmeier A et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

19,228 adults outside mental health care in 27 countries, 24 languages in 48 studies
used by 2 claims

2025Guideline

CHANTIX (varenicline) tablets: US prescribing informationUS Food and Drug Administration, Pfizer

varenicline prescribing label
used by 1 claim

Virtual reality cue exposure as an add-on to smoking cessation group therapy: a randomized controlled trialKroczek AM, Schröder B et al. · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

246 German adult smokers motivated to quit, in group cognitive behavioural therapy without medication
used by 1 claim

2025Meta-analysis

Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessationLivingstone-Banks J, Vidyasagaran AL et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

20,346 smokeless users in 43 studies
used by 1 claim

2025Guideline

Supporting clients who want to stop vapingNational Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training

UK practitioner guidance
used by 1 claim

2024Guideline

WHO clinical treatment guideline for tobacco cessation in adultsWorld Health Organization

adults who use tobacco, including smokeless
used by 2 claims

The effects of scheduled smoking reduction and precessation nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial with complianceCinciripini PM, Minnix JA et al. · JMIR Formative Research

916 cigarette smokers, Houston
used by 1 claim

2023Meta-analysis

The efficacy of cue exposure therapy on alcohol use disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis and systematic reviewKiyak C, Simonetti ME et al. · Addictive Behaviors

1,271 adults with alcohol use disorder in randomised or controlled cue-exposure trials in 11 studies
used by 1 claim

2023Meta-analysis

Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessationLivingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

17,395 smokers in 41 studies
used by 1 claim

2023Meta-analysis

Within-person associations between psychological and contextual factors and lapse incidence in smokers attempting to quit: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological momentary assessment studiesPerski O, Kwasnicka D et al. · Addiction

review of 61 studies of smokers
used by 1 claim

Psychometric Validity of the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale in Smokers Attempting to Quit: Longitudinal Invariance across Smokers and AbstainersSancho-Domingo C, Carballo JL et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

309 smokers
used by 1 claim

2023Meta-analysis

Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessationTheodoulou A, Chepkin SC et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

12,169 cigarette smokers in 16 studies
used by 1 claim

2022Meta-analysis

Mindfulness for smoking cessationJackson S, Brown J et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

8,186 cigarette smokers in 21 studies
used by 1 claim

Effectiveness of a vaping cessation text message program among young adult e-cigarette users: a randomized clinical trialGraham AL, Amato MS et al. · JAMA Internal Medicine

2,588 US e-cigarette users aged 18 to 24
used by 2 claims

2021Meta-analysis

Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessationHartmann-Boyce J, Theodoulou A et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

review of 116 studies of cigarette smokers in cessation trials
used by 2 claims

2021Meta-analysis

Smoking cessation for improving mental healthTaylor GM, Lindson N et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

169,500 smokers in 102 studies
used by 5 claims

2021Guideline

Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statementUS Preventive Services Task Force · JAMA

US adults who use tobacco
used by 2 claims

2020Systematic review

Time to First Cigarette: A Potential Clinical Screening Tool for Nicotine DependenceBranstetter SA, Muscat JE et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicine

review of 16 studies of adult and adolescent cigarette smokers
used by 2 claims

Decrease in Resting Heart Rate Measured Using Smartphone Apps to Verify Abstinence From Smoking: An Exploratory StudyHerbec A, Parker E et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

18 smokers
used by 3 claims

Withdrawal Symptoms From E-Cigarette Abstinence Among Former Smokers: A Pre-Post Clinical TrialHughes JR, Peters EN et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

109 former smokers who vape daily, 6 days of abstinence
background, not shown in the app

2020Meta-analysis

Accuracy of the PHQ-2 Alone and in Combination With the PHQ-9 for Screening to Detect Major Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysisLevis B, Sun Y et al. · JAMA

44,318 adults in 100 studies
used by 2 claims

2019Meta-analysis

Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessationLindson N, Klemperer E et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

9,219 cigarette smokers in 22 studies
used by 3 claims

2019Meta-analysis

Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessationLivingstone-Banks J, Norris E et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

review of 81 studies of recent quitters
background, not shown in the app

2019Meta-analysis

Telephone counselling for smoking cessationMatkin W, Ordóñez-Mena JM et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

32,484 cigarette smokers calling quitlines in 14 studies
used by 2 claims

2019Meta-analysis

Beyond "planning": a meta-analysis of implementation intentions to support smoking cessationMcWilliams L, Bellhouse S et al. · Health Psychology

review of 12 studies of smokers
used by 2 claims

2019Meta-analysis

Incentives for smoking cessationNotley C, Gentry S et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

20,097 cigarette smokers in 31 studies
used by 1 claim

2019Meta-analysis

Exercise interventions for smoking cessationUssher MH, Faulkner GEJ et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

6,607 cigarette smokers in 21 studies
used by 1 claim

2019Meta-analysis

Mobile phone text messaging and app-based interventions for smoking cessationWhittaker R, McRobbie H et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

14,133 smokers in 13 studies
used by 7 claims

2018Guideline

2018 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on tobacco cessation treatmentAmerican College of Cardiology, Barua RS et al. · Journal of the American College of Cardiology

adults with cardiovascular disease
used by 1 claim

2018Meta-analysis

Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessationHartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

64,640 smokers in 133 studies
used by 1 claim

Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale and the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale-Revised: Italian VersionSvicher A, Beghè A et al. · European Addiction Research

366 Italian adult smokers, assessed at baseline and 3 months
used by 1 claim

Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette useBenowitz NL, Burbank AD · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine

review of nicotine users
used by 2 claims

Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokersChaiton M, Diemert L et al. · BMJ Open

1,277 smokers
used by 2 claims

Triggers of smoking lapses over the course of a quit attemptFerguson SG, Shiffman S et al. · Journal of Smoking Cessation

186 cigarette smokers who lapsed in two cessation studies, electronic diaries
used by 1 claim

Gradual versus abrupt smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled noninferiority trialLindson-Hawley N, Banting M et al. · Annals of Internal Medicine

697 smokers
used by 2 claims

2016Meta-analysis

Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysisPlummer F, Manea L et al. · General Hospital Psychiatry

5,223 adults in GAD-7 and GAD-2 validation studies
used by 1 claim

2015Meta-analysis

Abstinence and relapse among smokers who use varenicline in a quit attempt: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trialsAgboola SA, Coleman T et al. · Addiction

review of 19 studies of smokers on varenicline
used by 1 claim

Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessationHalpern SD, French B et al. · New England Journal of Medicine

2,538 US employees and their relatives and friends who smoked
used by 2 claims

Sleep changes in smokers before, during and 3 months after nicotine withdrawalJaehne A, Unbehaun T et al. · Addiction Biology

33 smokers
used by 8 claims

Does deterioration in mental health after smoking cessation predict relapse to smoking?Taylor G, McNeill A et al. · BMC Public Health

78 people who quit smoking
used by 1 claim

Cognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: implications for nicotine dependence treatmentAshare RL, Falcone M et al. · Neuropharmacology

review of smokers
used by 5 claims

Effects of smoking cessation on heart rate variability among long-term male smokersHarte CB, Meston CM · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine

62 men who smoked
used by 4 claims

The influence of 8 and 16 mg nicotine patches on sleep in healthy non-smokersJaehne A, Unbehaun T et al. · Pharmacopsychiatry

66 healthy non-smokers aged 20 to 25
used by 1 claim

Heaviness of smoking predicts smoking relapse only in the first weeks of a quit attempt: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country SurveyYong HH, Borland R et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

7,093 daily smokers in Canada, the US, the UK and Australia making quit attempts
used by 1 claim

The first 7 days of a quit attempt predicts relapse: validation of a measure for screening medications for nicotine dependenceAshare RL, Wileyto EP et al. · Journal of Addiction Medicine

1,649 treatment-seeking US cigarette smokers in three pharmacotherapy trials
used by 2 claims

Early lapses in a cessation attempt: lapse contexts, cessation success, and predictors of early lapseDeiches JF, Baker TB et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

551 US cigarette smokers in a cessation trial who lapsed within 8 weeks
background, not shown in the app

2013Meta-analysis

The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: systematic review and meta-analysis with individual participant dataHaasova M, Warren FC et al. · Addiction

review of 15 studies of smokers
used by 1 claim

2012Meta-analysis

Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysisAubin HJ, Farley A et al. · BMJ

62 studies of smokers
used by 5 claims

Relapse dynamics during smoking cessation: recurrent abstinence violation effects and lapse-relapse progressionKirchner TR, Shiffman S et al. · Journal of Abnormal Psychology

203 cigarette smokers who quit and then lapsed in a nicotine patch versus placebo trial, electronic diaries
used by 1 claim

Life 1 year after a quit attempt: real-time reports of quitters and continuing smokersSchlam TR, Piper ME et al. · Annals of Behavioral Medicine

572 Wisconsin smokers in a cessation trial, reporting four times a day for a week before the quit, after it, and at one year
background, not shown in the app

Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic reviewVangeli E, Stapleton J et al. · Addiction

review of 8 studies of adult smokers in prospective population surveys
used by 1 claim

Stopping smokeless tobacco with varenicline: randomised double blind placebo controlled trialFagerström K, Gilljam H et al. · BMJ

431 snus users
used by 3 claims

An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4Kroenke K, Spitzer RL et al. · Psychosomatics

2,149 primary-care patients
background, not shown in the app

2008Guideline

Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice GuidelineFiore MC, Jaén CR et al.

US clinical guideline
used by 1 claim

Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependenceBaker TB, Piper ME et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

8,548 cigarette smokers in four cessation trials and a four-country survey
used by 2 claims

Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time courseHughes JR · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

review of smokers
used by 17 claims

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal ScaleToll BA, O'Malley SS et al. · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

723 smokers trying to quit in three clinical samples
used by 1 claim

2004Meta-analysis

Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokersHughes JR, Keely J et al. · Addiction

review of 8 studies of smokers
used by 1 claim

2003Guideline

Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendationsHughes JR, Keely JP et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research

trial definition, smokers
used by 1 claim

Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatmentsConklin CA, Tiffany ST · Addiction

people in addiction treatment
used by 1 claim

Heart rate variability during the first month of smoking cessationYotsukura M, Koide Y et al. · American Heart Journal

20 men who smoked
used by 6 claims

First lapses to smoking: within-subjects analysis of real-time reportsShiffman S, Paty JA et al. · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

cigarette smokers reporting in real time on palm-top computers during a quit attempt
used by 1 claim

Progression from a smoking lapse to relapse: prediction from abstinence violation effects, nicotine dependence, and lapse characteristicsShiffman S, Hickcox M et al. · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

133 smokers
used by 2 claims

The effects of smoking schedules on cessation outcome: can we improve on common methods of gradual and abrupt nicotine withdrawal?Cinciripini PM, Lapitsky L et al. · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

128 cigarette smokers
used by 1 claim

Predicting smoking cessation: who will quit with and without the nicotine patchKenford SL, Fiore MC et al. · JAMA

200 smokers
used by 2 claims

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quittersHughes JR · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

cigarette smokers who quit on their own for 30 days
background, not shown in the app

Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal: a replication and extensionHughes JR, Gust SW et al. · Archives of General Psychiatry

315 smokers
used by 10 claims

Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawalHughes JR, Hatsukami D · Archives of General Psychiatry

50 smokers
background, not shown in the app

Every one of these sits one tap from the number it backs.

Abrupt ships with this library on the phone. Free while you log a baseline. $15, once, when you pick a quit date.